I just found this site over on O'Reilly Radar. It lists the numbers 0 to 9999 and describes mathematical properties for that number. Here are the first few numbers to give you an idea of what is there:

1. is the multiplicative identity.
2. is the only even prime.
3. is the number of spatial dimensions we live in.
4. is the smallest number of colors sufficient to color al planar maps.
5. 5 is the number of Platonic solids.
6. is the smallest perfect number.
7. is the smallest number of faces of a regular polygon that is not constructible by straightedge and compass.
8. is the largest cube in the Fibonacci sequence.
9. is the maximum number of cubes that are needed to sum to any positive integer.

Check it out