MaplePrimes - Maplesoft Blog

The Birthday Paradox

callumneily — Fri, 31 Jul 2026 19:28:43 Z

Imagine walking into a room full of strangers. At first, everyone seems completely unrelated, with different names, different lives, and different birthdays. As the room gets more crowded, we of course know that sharing similarities with the strangers in the room becomes more likely.

But just how likely is it that, for example, two people in the room share a birthday?

The Birthday Paradox asks, more specifically: How many people must be in the room so that it is more likely than not that two people share a birthday?

Intuitively, we might imagine it must be well over 100 since there are 365 possible birthdays that each stranger can have. Probability, however, has a habit of ignoring our intuition.

Suppose there are only two people in the room: you, and one stranger. You have your own birthday, so there is a 1/365 ≈ 0.27% chance that the stranger next to you shares your birthday. If we add a third person to the room, we must consider the probability that either of the two strangers share your birthday, or the two strangers share a birthday with each other. This overlap makes our calculations more difficult, and it will only get worse as we add more people.

Instead, there's a cleaner way to find the solution. Let's find the probability P(n) that no two people share a birthday, then subtract it from 1 to get the probability that two people do share a birthday. Once P(n) < 0.5, then 1 - P(n) > 0.5, meaning at this value of n, there is a greater than 50% chance that two people in the room share a birthday.

For the case of only two people, there is a 364/365 chance that the second person has a different birthday than the first person. If we introduce a third person, there are 363 unclaimed birthdays left in the year, so a 363/365 chance that the third person's birthday falls on one of these days. Repeating this process for n people in the room, we get:

If we keep increasing n, we see that the probability P(n) that two people don't share a birthday decreases, meaning the probability 1 - P(n) that they do share a birthday increases.

Below are some values of 1 - P(n) I found using Maple Learn:

Based on these calculations, we see that when 23 people are in the room, it is more likely than not that at least two people in the room share a birthday.

Our question was very specific: we wanted to know what n needed to be in order for the probability of two people sharing a birthday to be > 50%. We found this number to be 23. But, we could extend this question to, say, the probability being 99.9%. This happens when there are 70 people in the room. Consider the animation below to see this visually, where the x-axis represents the number of people n, and the y-axis represents the probability that two people share a birthday, 1 - P(n):

How many people must be in the room to guarantee that two of them share a birthday? By the shape of the graph above, it may be tempting to think that it is impossible to guarantee this, since the probability seems to asymptotically approach 1. However, we must think through this logically.

If 365 people were in the room, it is still possible that their birthdays would all fall on a different day (although it's extremely unlikely). But if we have more people than we have available birthdays, we can say at least two people will share a birthday with 100% certainty. That is, P(n) = 0 when n > 365, so our formula for P(n) above is limited to values of n that are 365 or less. This is a basic principle in mathematics called the "pigeonhole principle", which uses the analogy that if we have more pigeons than we have holes to put them in, then at least one of the holes must have at least two pigeons.

These ideas can be conceptually confusing, but once you go through the mathematical arguments a few times, mentioning the Birthday Paradox in a conversation is a great way to show off your random math knowledge and confuse your peers!

Attached is an interactive Maple worksheet from Maple's Math Apps gallery if you'd like to investigate the Birthday Paradox further: The_Birthday_Paradox.mw. If you're still interested in more info/applications, see this Maple Primes post by John May.

Because $F17*(1+$B$4)^3 is not Engineering Documentation

Samir Khan — Thu, 23 Jul 2026 19:37:05 Z

We’ve just launched Maple Flow 2026. And yes, the title of this post doesn’t follow the standard formula for a “new version, new features” announcement.

But this is not only a post about a new version number and new features.

It is about a problem engineers know too well: important calculations trapped inside spreadsheets, scripts and old project files - visible only as cell references, code fragments and hidden logic.

That might be fine when the calculation is being built. It is not fine when the calculation must be reviewed, reused, defended, audited or handed to another engineer.

Maple Flow is built around a simple idea: engineering calculations should be readable, structured, auditable and easy to share.

The new release gives engineers better ways to create those calculations, bring existing work into Maple Flow, and turn legacy material into documentation that actually explains the engineering.

You can now generate Maple Flow worksheets using tools like Codex or Claude Code. This makes it easier to transform ideas into structured technical analyses and turn existing calculations into clear, auditable engineering documents.

Here are a few ways to use this new integration,

Rescue calculations from spreadsheets

Many engineering teams have years - sometimes decades - of calculations sitting in Excel. Those spreadsheets often contain real engineering value, but the logic is fragmented across cells, sheets and references.

Manually translating all that work into a clearer format can feel like too much effort to even start.

With Maple Flow 2026 and an AI coding assistant such as Codex or Claude Code, you can use a simple instruction like:

Convert this Excel spreadsheet to a Maple Flow worksheet

The AI coding assistant then helps transform spreadsheet logic into a structured Maple Flow worksheet with natural 2D math, clearer variable names and calculations that are visible on the page.

This is not just file conversion. It is a way to expose the engineering intent hidden inside legacy spreadsheets and make that work easier to understand, extend and review.

Generate engineering worksheets from a prompt

The same AI-assisted workflow can also help create a new Maple Flow worksheet from a natural language prompt.

Ask for a design calculation, describe the engineering context, specify the assumptions and ask for supporting text, equations, plots or diagrams. The result can be a worksheet that already contains readable math, explanations and visual context.

Stop hiding math in scripts

Maple Flow 2026 also opens up a practical path for moving useful work out of scripts and into worksheets that communicate the engineering more clearly.

For example, a Matlab script built around low-level loops, switch/case logic and numerical iteration can be translated into a Maple Flow worksheet that uses higher-level mathematical constructs.

In one example, a crude while-loop numerical solver became an fsolve call, and switch/case logic became a much more readable piecewise expression.

The point is not simply to change syntax. It is to move from code that performs a calculation to a worksheet that explains the calculation.

I've outlined a few ideas that demonstrate how you can use AI coding assistants to generate Maple Flow worksheets. There's much more you can do.

Of course, this functionality is subject to the same disclaimers as any other AI-generated content:

Worksheets are generated by and subject to the limitations of your AI model
your mileage may vary
and you absolutely need a (human) expert in the loop to check the output.

But as a starting point, this workflow is seriously powerful.

Set up your AI coding assistant to generate Maple Flow worksheets with the instructions here.

Maple Flow 2026 introduces in-worksheet programming, so you can write programs and scripts directly on the canvas and execute them inline with the rest of your worksheet.

You can enter programs with the keyboard or use the new Programming palette, which inserts common templates such as loops and if/else blocks with the right structure and indentation.

Productivity features help keep the program readable:

automatic closing of procedures, loops and conditionals after the opening line is entered
intelligent insertion of statement separators when appropriate
automatic indentation to preserve structure and readability

The existing Code Editor remains the right place for larger scripts. In-worksheet programming is for the logic you want to sit directly beside the math, text and results.

The Mathcad Migration Assistant has also been updated. It now translates much of the content of Mathcad Prime files into Maple Flow format, in addition to the existing support for Mathcad 13, 14 and 15.

Because Maple Flow 2026 now supports in-worksheet programming, the updated Migration Assistant also translates Mathcad programs.

For Mathcad thinking about moving to Maple Flow, the update makes migration faster and more practical. Existing work moves over with more of the structure and intent preserved.

Worksheets now compute faster! The results depend on the specific calculations, but the improvements can be very noticable - these are selected results from our internal benchmarking suite

For engineers working with larger or more complex worksheets, that kind of improvement changes the feel of the product.

Maple Flow 2026 adds more ready-to-use examples to the Application Gallery, including a new Semiconductor section.

The gallery now includes worksheets semiconductor oxide growth, heat sink sizing, cylindrical fin heat transfer, NMOS threshold voltage, MOSFET power loss, photolithography scanner limits and boron implantation stability.

Maple Flow 2026 also improves everyday interoperability with Excel. You can now paste more types of data from Excel into Maple Flow, including data formatted as percentages.

It is a small feature with a practical benefit: less cleanup, fewer interruptions and a smoother path from spreadsheet data to engineering calculation.

The most important thing about Maple Flow 2026 is not any single feature - it is the direction of travel. Engineering work is becoming more connected. Calculations are moving between spreadsheets, scripts, AI coding assistants, design tools and formal documentation.

Maple Flow gives those calculations a place where the math is visible, the structure is clear and the result is ready to share.

So yes, Maple Flow 2026 includes new features. But the bigger story is this: engineers can now move more of their existing work out of hidden logic and into auditable worksheets that communicate the engineering.

Explore the new features, try the examples and experiment with generating worksheets using AI coding assistants. Grab a trial here.

Creating Pi from a Single Binary Operator and the Constant 1

mcarvalho — Wed, 22 Jul 2026 22:27:36 Z

Today is Pi approximation day (22/7) and I will use that as an excuse to share my new favourite expression for Pi:

And this isn't even an approximation! Recently, continuous mathematics has found its own equivalent to the digital hardware NAND gate. In his paper “All elementary functions from a single binary operator”, Andrzej Odrzywołek demonstrated that a single functional primitive can generate the entire standard continuous spectrum of operations. In other words, every single button on a scientific calculator, from addition and subtraction to sines, cosines, and logarithms, can be built using just this one function.

This Maple Worksheet explores how the 'Exp-Minus-Log' ("EML") operator, when paired solely with the constant 1, can be systematically nested to construct basic arithmetic, constants, and complex transcendental functions within Maple.

In essence, he discovered that the binary operator EML, along with the constant 1, forms a basis for the set of standard scientific-calculator operations.

This means that functions like , and operations like or can be creating by composing EML with itself in clever ways. Some constants and functions are trivial to represent, such as EML(1,1) = e or EML(x, 1) = exp(x), others however, are not...

With a quick one-command tweak, you can get Maple to use the property of the extended reals that

And then with a simple argument about standard branches, you can construct the natural logarithm for real numbers, which immediately leads the constant zero:

You can then expand the tools in your toolbox by creating subtraction with EML, ln(x), and exp(x)

Which then expands the toolbox further by allowing for the construction unary minus from the constant 0 (since -x = 0 - x), and then addition (since a+b=a-(-b))

Since we've constructed addition, subtraction, zero and one, we can technically construct every integer! It would not be very pleasant, and by no means optimal... but you could! Here's 7 for example:

The next step to building all the standard functions is multiplication and inversion. And these use the classic trick by using the fact that x=exp(ln(x)) can help simplify:

These are compositions of exp, addition, ln, and unary minus (all functions constructed previously), which means they can be made with only EML:

It's at this point that I will leave the derivation of division (a/b) and exponentiation (a^b) as exercises for the reader, so I can skip to something a little more complex...

To go beyond the basic operators, you'll need to step into the complex domain by constructing the imaginary constant i. To do this, take ln(-1) = -i*Pi (by using the standard branch) and combine it with Euler's formula

And once again the expression on the left-hand side is made up of operations that were all previously defined, so you can compose EML to get a new constant:

And finally, it's possible to break down the expression for Pi from the start, since it's the product i*ln(-1)

By successfully extracting the mathematical constants i and Pi, I think this demonstrates the complete constructive capability of the EML operator in the complex domain. While the resulting syntax trees become exponentially deep and unoptimized for human readability, they prove that continuous operations do not require a massive, distinct toolbox. Future applications of this uniform binary structure could dramatically simplify symbolic regression and machine learning optimization models.
Ultimately, the EML operator reveals the remarkable truth that the vast complexity of scientific mathematics can be distilled down to a single, beautiful building block.

Isn't math awesome?

Math Success in the Age of AI: Introducing the Maplesoft Math Success Platform

Karishma — Thu, 02 Jul 2026 19:06:37 Z

Last week, we launched the Maplesoft Math Success Platform.

This launch reflects a lot of conversations I’ve had over the past year with educators and institutions about what it means to teach and learn math in the age of AI.

At first, many of those conversations were about visibility. If students were completing homework, quizzes, and other assessments with help from AI, those results became harder to interpret. Did students understand the work, or had they copied down a solution that made sense in the moment without building the understanding needed to do something similar on their own?

That visibility still matters.

Over time, though, those conversations led to a more nuanced conclusion. The question is not simply how we prevent students from taking shortcuts. It is how we help them develop the mathematical judgment, intuition, and critical thinking they will need in a world where AI is part of how they learn and work.

In some ways, that has become even more important. When answers are easy to generate, students need to be able to test ideas, recognize when something does not make sense, explain their reasoning, and trust their own thinking.

That is why I am proud to share the launch of the Maplesoft Math Success Platform.

Built on Maple, the platform brings together our math technology and extends it with analytics, AI-driven insights, targeted resources, and content expertise to help institutions support math learning in a more complete way.

It gives instructors and learning support teams better insight into where students are struggling, supports the creation of better questions and learning experiences, helps students move beyond the answer, and helps institutions respond to a world where AI is now part of how students practice, study, and get help.

You can learn more about the Maplesoft Math Success Platform on our website.

We also wrote more about the thinking behind this launch in our new whitepaper, Math Education in the Age of AI: From Grading Answers to Understanding Student Progress. It looks at why math education needs a new approach in the age of AI: one that helps instructors ask better questions, create learning experiences that build understanding, and use learning signals to see where students need support.

I’d love to hear what you think. How are you seeing AI change the way students learn, practice, and get help in math? And what kinds of tools or approaches do you think will be most important as math education continues to evolve?

Animating a Polyhedron

pchin — Tue, 09 Jun 2026 13:32:04 Z

A little while ago, I created a video, Engaging and Enlightening Students with Maple Visualizations, that showed a sample of Maple visualizations that would be helpful in teaching math. Doing that allowed me to get reacquainted with some of Maple's plotting features that I hadn't used for a while. As a result, I made a second instructional video for my Maple tips series, Animating a Polyhedron in Maple.

I chose this topic because I thought it would show several features in Maple that might not be known to all users. I list them below and encourage you to try them out.

The plots:-polyhedraplot command allows you to create a 3-D plot of a polyhedron, including one of 138 polyhedra that Maple knows about.
The list of named polyhedra available can be obtained by calling the plots:-polyhedra_supported command.
The viewpoint option, which allows you to create an animation by varying the viewpoint through a 3D plot, can be used to rotate the polyhedron.
Finally, the Export feature allows you to save the plot animation as an animated GIF.

New Maple Videos

pchin — Wed, 06 May 2026 15:12:24 Z

Over the past few months, I've created a number of short videos. My intention is to help people use Maple more effectively. I occasionally give workshops introducing Maple and its programming language, and many of the topics come from questions I get from the participants.

These can be found on our Youtube channel. Here are the ones posted so far.

What is a Workbook?
Creating a Workbook
How to Customize Your Maple Settings with the Options Dialog
What is Maple Transactions?
How to Submit an Article to Maple Transactions
Quotation Marks in Maple
Using Single Quotes to Prevent Evaluation

If you find these helpful and have suggestions for future videos, please leave a comment, thanks!