Question: Solving system with constraints

SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO LIFTING EYE DESIGN

Moses

The design load for each lifting eye is given by:

In the above equation, n refers to number of lifting eyes to used for the lift, S is the safety factor with respect to allowable stresses, W is the total weight to be lifted, and β is the angle between the vertical direction and the lifting sling.This analysis applies only to lifting eyes shaped like the one in Fig. 1. For other shapes, the designer should re-evaluate the equations.

Radius of liftimg eye hole will depend upon the diameter of the pin, D, used in the lifting shackle. It is recommeded that the hole diameter not greater than 1 / 16 in. (2 mm) larger than tha pin diameter. The required bearing area for the pin is

where F_y is the yield stress. This equation is based on allowable stresses as definde in Ref. 1, which considers stress concentrations in the vicinity of the hole. The designer may choose to use a technique which determines the stresses at the hole and should appropriately adjust the allowable stresses. The total plate thickness is then given by

At this point, if the thickness, T, is too large to be economically feasible, it may be desirable to use cheek plates (Fig.2) around the hole in order to sustain the bearing stresses. In this case, the above thickness, T, is divided into a main plate of thickness T_p and two cheek plates each of thickness t:

It is recommended that t be less than T_p to avoid excessive welding. The radius to the edge of lifting eye plate and the radii of the cheek plates, if they are used, are governed by the condition that the pin cannot shear through these plates. The required area for shear is

It is possible to compute the required radii by equating the shaering area of the cheek plates plus the shearing area of the main plate to the total shear area. Theis a degree of uncertianty in choosing the appropriate shearing area. Minimum areas are used in the following equation, therefore, leading to conservative values for the radius of the main plate, R, and the radius of the cheek plate, r,

where Rh is the radius of the hole and e is the distance between the edge of the cheek plate and the edge of the main plate (Fig. 2). This difference should be large enough to allow space for welding the cheet plate to the main plate. A reasonable value for e is 1.5*t. It should be noted that the above equations assume there are two cheek plates. If cheek plates are not used, then simply let t equal zero and use Eq. 6 to determine R.

It is not necessary to check tension on this net section, since the allowable stress for shear is 0.4*F_y (Eq. 5); whereas the allowable stress for tension on a net section at a pin hole is given as 0.45*F_y (Ref. 1) which is greater than for shear. Size of weld between the cheek plates and the main plate can be determined as follows. The necessary weld area per cheek plate is

where F_w is the allowable shear stress for the welding electrodes. The weld thickness, t_e is given by

For a manual weld the size, s is given by

To assure that this weld size is large enough to insure fusion and minimize distortion, it should be greater than the AISC suggested Minimum Fillet Weld Sizes (Ref. 1).

The axial stress due to uniform tension along a section is

where h is the length of the section. The elemental bending stress which is distributed linearly along the section may be expressed as

where C represents the distance of an element from the neutral axis and b is the distance from the center of the eye to the cross section. The shearing stress varies parabolically for section between A-A and B-B and is given as

It is felt that Eq. 13 (i.e., parabolic shear stress distribution) is applicable to the cross sections between A-A and B-B and does not apply to the cross sections between B-B and C-C in the area of the taper. The taper creates discontinuities on the shear plane, which result in significantly large shear stress concentratons along the edge of the taper coincident to point of maximum bending stress. This problem will be addressed ina subsequent section of this article.

The maximum principal stress that exists on an element is given by

or after dividing by the maximum allowable normal (i.e., tension) stress, F_a, gives a ratio that must be less than unity, where F_a has been taken as 0.6*F_y. A similar analysis for the maximum shear stress on the element yields

The designer should now select several critical elements throughout the plate and apply the restrains of Eq. 16 and 17 to obtain a required minimum length for the selected cross section. Eq 18 through 21 apply for an element at the neutral axis of the section. C will be zero and Eq. 11, 13 and 16 reduce to

An element at the end of the section will be subjected to bending stresses but not shearing stresses.

For this case C = 0.5 and Eq. 16  becomes

Using the quadratic formular to solve for h yields

The largest value of h predicted by Eqs. 19, 21 and 23 can be used as a first estimate for the length of the cross section; however, intermediate elements, that is, between the edge and the center of the cross section, should also be checked to determine the appropriate length, h, of the section under consideration.

Cross sections A-A and B-B should be analyzed using the above approach. The designer should use his own discretion to select other cross sections for analysis.At cross section A-A, the lifting eye is assumed to be welded with complete penetration to the support structure. Once length, h, is determined, the angle of taper, α, should be investigated. It can be shown that normal stress and shear stress are related by

Minimum required length, h, for cross sections between B-B and C-C can be computed by calculating the maximum shear stress for the most critical element of the cross section, which occurs at the tapered surface. It can be shown that the maximum principal stress would not control the required length, h. Using Eqs. 11 and 12 in conjunction with Eq 24, the maximum shear stress yields the following:

If the above inequality is not satisfied, the angle of the taper, α, must be adjusted.

The adequacy of the structure to which the lifting eye is to be attached should be checked to verify that it is capable of sustaining the loads from the lifting eye.

In some instances, it may be justifiable to use a more sophisticated technique for analyzing the lifting eye as well as the supporting structure.