9 years, 41 days

## @acer Correction. In my first $2$ lines ...

@acer Correction. In my first $2$ lines of my last post , replace $A$ with $B=(A^-1)^+A$.

## @acer As I wrote in my first post, I spe...

@acer As I wrote in my first post, I speak about the cond. number of $P$ (the matrix of the eigenvectors of $A$). This gives a good idea of the accuracy of the numerical diagonalization of $A$.

Have a look on the following two calculations (with the same $A$):

restart; with(LinearAlgebra); Seed := randomize(); Digits := 20; roll := rand(-5 .. 5);
A := Matrix(18, proc (i, j) options operator, arrow; roll() end proc);
t := time();
v, P := evalf(Eigenvectors(Transpose(1/A).A));
time()-t;
Norm(1/P.(LinearAlgebra:-Transpose(1/A).A).P-DiagonalMatrix(v))/Norm(DiagonalMatrix(v));
t := time()-t;
ConditionNumber(P);
62"299

2.0456050687550795426 10^296 .
62"433

3.0129332318535323794 10 ^297.
A := evalf(A);
gc();
t := time();
v1, P1 := Eigenvectors(Transpose(1/A).A);
time()-t;
Norm(1/P1.(LinearAlgebra:-Transpose(1/A).A).P1-DiagonalMatrix(v1))/Norm(DiagonalMatrix(v1));
t := time()-t;
ConditionNumber(P1);
0"113

2.2966423159031532614 10^-18
0"260
94.230954022647572690

Of course the first method (mine) is not the good one. I habitually use the formal part of Maple (Groebner basis) and I am not very comfortable writing a digital procedure. Yet, I understand why the first method is very slow; but I don't understand why its result is completely false; note that works when I choose Digits:= a very large integer.

## @acer  I will answer you this week ...

@acer  I will answer you this week end. In fact, even when the cond. numb. was good, the final accuracy was catastrophic and I don't understand why...

## @acer No, I probably made some wrong mov...

@acer No, I probably made some wrong moves.

## @vv Thank you very much for your prompt ...

Of course $(A^(-1))^+ . A$ should not be calculated explicitly; yet, I am amazed at the speed of resolution of the generalized eigenvalue problem; moreover, even for $n=100$, there is very little loss of digits.

$n=100,Digits:=20$. We obtain the result, with $16$ significand digits, in $31"$.

Best regards.

## Good idea...

Yes, if we have a small box (unfortunately, this is not necessarily the case), then we may consider that we are in a neighborhood of the center of the box, say A. If B is the (direct or inverse) Cayley transform of A, then we search a skew-symmetric matrix that is close to B; I think that we may choose 0.5(B-B^T). Good idea...

## You solve my toy example but......

@Markiyan Hirnyk

OK, your formal calculation works for my toy example and it's a very good thing. We find  a solution for s=21. The calculation can be continued until s=56 (we find other solutions). Then, the expressions sol[s] become complicated.

I tested one difficult example with 18 inequalities (example for which I know how to find a solution by a numerical calculation). For s=1..56, there are no solutions. For s=57..64, the computer gives no answer...

## Why Gröbner...

Thanks to

Markiyan, I always answer to those who take the trouble to write to me.

In a second time, I'll write a post about your "solution in two steps".

Roughly speaking, the problem I consider is:  two 3.3 matrices A,B are given.  We consider  an open  box  for the 9 entries of a 3.3 matrix X=[x_{i,j}], that is, A<X<B. Does there exist in the box an orthogonal matrix X ?

If the answer is YES, then we ask to find an approximation of some solution in X; of course, an approximation is not, stricto sensu, a proof of existence but the custom is to be satisfied  by that; (*)  we will come back... The problem may be difficult if all the solutions are close to the edge of the box. Of course, if there is a solution X0 in the box, then a neighborhood of X0 in O(3) is also in the box (3 degrees of freedom).

If the answer is NO and if we want a certified answer, then I think (perhaps I am wrong) that we must use a formal calculation -Gröbner method for example- If we also want to certify the existence (cf. (*)), we can perform a formal calculation or construct in the box a segment containing our approximation and that passes from one side to another, through O (3).

Of course, my procedure with 2 inequalities is a toy example. NLPSolve (cf. vv4094's post) gives easily an approximate solution.  How does it manage with 18 inequalities? I use NLPSolve for optimization problems and I like it. Yet, in difficult cases, it may give only a local extremum.

you wrote  about the library "SolveTools:-SemiAlgebraic"; if you have ideas, I'll take them.




Thanks to .

## @Kitonum  Thanks.  Both method...

@Kitonum  Thanks.  Both methods work.

## @ Kitonum 9607 Thank for your answe...

Following your advice, I use: evalf(allvalues(solve(F, K))).  This method gives all complex solutions (that is to say, in the generic case, 2^n solutions). I am only interested by the real ones; yet, of course, we can deduce them immediately.

For n=6, Digits=20, we obtain the solutions in 3'4" while, using Isolate, we obtain the result in 2"2.

See my answer to acer 13728 on this subject, where I give some details about the system I consider and about the methods I tested.

## @acer 13728 .  Thank for your ans...

I randomly choose n $n\times n$ symmetric matrices A_i and n vectors V_i with integers entries (for example).

I consider the system X^TA_iX+V_i^Tx=1,1<=i<=n, where X is the unknown vector.

Generically, such a system has 2^n complex solutions in X. Yet, I only search the real solutions. Clearly, if n>=3, then it is impossible to calculate the exact values of the x_i.

I use the Grobner theory (with(FGb)). Then we can obtain a triangular system P(x_1)=0,Q(x_1,x_2)=0,...Thus we can easily recover an approximation of the real solutions. The method works until (I think) n=7. (n=6 in 44").

Following your advice, I use RootFinding-Isolate. This method (by Rouillier and all) works very well.  Yet, during an experiment with Digits=20, n=8, I obtain the 14 real solutions in 6'32". That is, a calculation for n=10 should last several days! I think that Isolate uses also the Grobner theory.

What can we do for n>=10  ? I think that we can find some real solutions with standard numerical method as Newton-Raphson one. To do that, you need to know the approximate position of some solution. Yet, how to be sure of having obtained all the real solutions?

@Carl Love Hi Carl, I used your code. The first two methods (with 1/A) work (in cpu time) in 74"45 and 13"60. Yet, the last two methods (with IntInv(A)) don't work on my PC...
Regards.

## @tomleslie Usually, I use Maple to do fo...

@tomleslie Usually, I use Maple to do formal calculation; I therefore have trouble with numeric computation.

I agree with your points 2. and 4.

About your 1. I divide my matrix A by a factor 10^12 because, if not, the calculation of CharPoly(A,x) does not work (overflow ?) as you can see:

s := 0; for i to 20 do A := Matrix(100, 100, proc (i, j) options operator, arrow; evalf(rand()) end proc, datatype = float[8]); t := time(); p := CharacteristicPolynomial(A, x); s := s+time()-t end do; s; coeff(p, x, 7);
0.140
Float(infinity) + Float(infinity) I

About your 3. I wrote that (when datatype=float[8]) Maple use Digits:=15; clearly, after a calculation,  the obtained result has not necessarily 15 significant digits; for example,  MathInv(A) has 15 -log_10(ConditionNumber(A)) significant digits.